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The First Nations Student Association:

A Legacy of Resilience, Resistance and Resurgence

By Carole Brazeau, Advisor, Indigenous Curriculum and Pedagogy, Center for Teaching and Learning and Johanne Cadorette

Carole Brazeau, Advisor, Indigenous Curriculum and Pedagogy, Center for Teaching and Learning.

In the summer of 1990,  as the sole supporter of my two young daughters,  I was preparing to begin my Bachelor of Arts degree in Women’s Studies at Concordia University’s Simone de Beauvoir Institute by reading the manifesto, The Second Sex. 

It was a most memorable summer.  The Kanehsatà:ke Resistance (Oka Crisis), during which the Kanien’kenha:ka (Mohawk) Nation naturally stood firm to protect their ancestral burial grounds from being turned into a golf course, had been going on for weeks. Racism toward Indigenous peoples was covert and at an all-time high.

The Montreal Native Friendship Centre delivered food and supplies by boat to Kahnawake. At the time, I was living on the South Shore of Montreal and remember the constant sound of helicopters overhead. I recall attending a peaceful gathering on the mountain in Montreal, and my non-Indigenous friend was afraid when police arrived on horseback. 

It was in this context that I attended a meet-and-greet for Indigenous students at Concordia, organized by the Centre for Mature Students. The organizers spoke of the vibrant Mohawk Nation as an inspiration for the meeting. It was that evening, we began talking about forming a First Nations student association.  Stephanie Horne Kanien'kéha:ka, from Kahnawake insisted we initiate this idea.

So, in the fall of 1990, we co-founded the Assembly of First Nations-Concordia (AFN-C) later renamed the First Nations Student Association. We were a wonderful and diverse group of Indigenous leaders and scholars including; the late Robert Ottereyes (Innu (Cree), Waswanipi), Lana LeFort (Kanien'kéha:ka, Tyendinaga) Sylvia and Helen Watso (Abenaki, Odanak), Lana Pratt (Cree, Gordon). As well as Arthur Renwick (Haisla, Kitimat), who said we founded the AFN-C, “to support, gather and exchange information.” 

Our early gatherings included potlucks at our apartments or informal meetings at La Cabane on St-Laurent boulevard. Eventually, we formalized the meetings. With Lana Lefort taking the lead and drafting a constitution. We held elections for posts such as Chief, Vice-Chief,  Spirit Keeper and Token Keeper.  

“Class of 1994” The Class of 1994
Standing, from left to right: Dr. Rose Lenser, Tricia “Skawennati” Fragnito, David Acco, Bevan “Frederick” Skerritt (deceased), Carole Brazeau, Deborah Rennie, Dan Sioui, Douglas Beaver Sitting, from left to right: Helen Watso, David Mohan, Dolores “White Quill” Gadbois (deceased), Melissa Morris

I co-founded and actively participated in the First Nations Concordia Student Association throughout my bachelor’s degree. I was elected its first Spirit Keeper. As well, in 1993, I was elected Vice-Chief. During my studies, I worked part-time and during the summers at the Native Friendship Centre of Montreal and the Native Women’s Shelter. 

The Spirit Keeper’s role was organizing cultural and spiritual events.  I organized was our first retreat at the Trappist monastery - famous for its Oka cheese – when thirty (30) post-secondary students participated in sweat lodge ceremonies and teachings led by Elders including, John Cree (Kanien'kéha:ka, Kanehsatà:ke).

We were also deeply concerned about environmental issues—like impacts of the dams in Eeyou Istchee (James Bay) and the Oldman River project in Alberta. We worked to raise awareness and support causes in our communities. 

The late Robert Ottereyes (Waswanipi, Cree, QC) organized land-based education activities.  Caravans of post-secondary students went to Eeyou Istchee. Along the way, we visited Anishinabeg (Algonquin) and Innu (Cree) communities. We participated in land-based activities, hunting and a walking out ceremony and slept in tipis—in May! We saw the Hydro Quebec’s  hydroelectric station. We were concerned about the impacts of Hydro Quebec’s LG1 and LG2.  The activity was supported by the Cree Nation. 

In 1991, some students contributed to a report titled A Circle of Learning: The Path of Justice and Hope, which was submitted to the Office of the Rector. It called for a learning environment that nurtured Indigenous students and advocated for a Native Studies program.

The AFN-C became a vital space for us to support each other and navigate the university system. We talked about our right to self-determination, that Indian Affairs had no right to determine our citizenship,  the Indian Act has been best described as the ‘bane of our existence’. I recollect as students cutting up our status cards. 

In 1992, the Concordia Council on First Nations Education (CCFNE) was established and the Native Student Centre (today the Otsenhákta Student Centre) was inaugurated. Native Awareness Week took place with traditional activities.  I was also the first Ambassador, promoting post-secondary studies to high school students in Kitigan Zibi and Maniwaki, Quebec. The Concordia recruitment officer drove me to my community. 

Most of the students believed Concordia needed a First Peoples' Studies program. One of my professor’s opinions was that “colonialism was a positive thing for Indigenous Peoples because it gave them reading glasses.” My religion professor also stated that “residential schools were not so bad.” My mother, Madeleine Buckshot, is a residential school survivor, so I shared her story to refute that erroneous statement in a paper I wrote. 

In retrospect, it’s awesome how much we accomplished and what a pivotal role activism had on the establishment of student services and programs at the university. In 1994, I was part of the first official cohort of Indigenous graduates from Concordia. I am proud of all of us who worked so diligently to create space, voice, and visibility for Indigenous students.

Today, I am working to correct the curriculum. I facilitate workshops for faculty including Cultivating Cultural Safety for Indigenous Students in the Classroom and Teaching About Residential Schools. I am honored to be working with Dr. Kahérakwas Donna Goodleaf,  Director, Decolonizing and Indigenizing Curriculum and Pedagogy.

Afterward: 
Concordia launched its First Peoples Studies Degree program in 2013. 



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