Expansive Citation
Indigenous knowledges and knowledge systems are incredibly vast and expansive, spanning across millenia, generations, and global contexts, and continue to evolve through dynamic processes and engagement. Traditional academic citation practices are not entirely equipped to convey the magnitudes and multitudes of information sources that Indigenous worldviews may consider citable references.
“Expansive citation” serves as a placeholder for a collection of citation practices that expand on the who, what, when, where, and how of citation. Building upon long-established rules of citation, the following citation methods lean towards more inclusive and innovative citation practices, with Indigenous knowledges at the forefront.
Expansive Citation Guides
The following are recommended resources to explore the concept of expansive citation and can assist readers to decide what methods and practices work best within varied contexts. Several sources are guides and contain example citations.
- Elements of Indigenous Style: A Guide for Writing By and About Indigenous Peoples, Second edition. (2025). Younging, Gregory & Cariou, Warren. Brush Education.
- Elements of Indigenous style : a guide for writing by and about Indigenous Peoples, First edition. (2018). Younging, Gregory. Brush Education.
- APA Citation Style Guide: Indigenous Knowledge Keepers, University of British Columbia Library
- Indigenous Information Literacy: Citation Guide, NorQuest College Library
- Shawanda, Amy. (2023). Nda-nwendaaganag (All My Relations): A Relational Approach to Citation Practices. Turtle Island Journal of Indigenous Health 1(3).
- Waziyatawin Angela Wilson. (2004). Introduction: Indigenous Knowledge Recovery Is Indigenous Empowerment. American Indian Quarterly, 28(3/4), 359–372.