Tracking fracking pollution
As a result of the fracking revolution, North America could soon overtake Saudi Arabia as the world’s largest producer of oil and gas. This, despite increasing protests from environmentalists. But does drilling for natural gas really cause pollution levels to skyrocket?
Setting the bar
A team of geochemistry researchers affiliated with Concordia, Université du Québec à Montréal and the Geotop Research Centre in Geochemistry and Geodynamics has just completed the first detailed study to examine the natural quality of groundwater prior to fracking.
The resulting report, commissioned by the Strategic Environmental Assessment Committee on Shale Gas, provides a benchmark for naturally occurring levels of pollution. This will help scientists prove definitively whether fracking — short for hydraulic fracturing — causes groundwater pollution by establishing the concentrations of methane, ethane, propane, helium and radon found in the groundwater in a location where fracking has yet to occur — the low-lying areas surrounding the St. Lawrence Seaway.
The challenges
Yves Gélinas, study co-author and professor in Concordia’s Department of Chemistry, explains: “In several cases in the U.S. where very high concentrations of methane were found in the vicinity of fracking sites, energy companies could not be held legally responsible for the contamination simply because there was no record of pre-exploitation gas levels in the groundwater. This study is the first to document natural gas levels, plus their sources, so that those levels can be compared to those at fracking sites.”
That means that if the government allows the exploitation of natural shale gas resources at some point in the near future, scientists will be able to link any eventual contamination to mining activities.
The research
For this study, 130 residential wells were sampled in a Quebec region covering approximately 14,000 square kilometres between Montreal, Leclercville and Trois-Rivières, as well as the foothills of the northern Appalachians.
Out of these wells, 14 per cent exhibit concentrations of methane greater than seven milligrams per litre — the acceptable threshold of methane in groundwater specified by the Government of Quebec. In the majority of the wells, the methane occurs naturally; that is, the gas is a by-product of bacteria emitted by surface sediments.
The most highly elevated concentrations of helium, which is an inert gas often observed in association with methane, were seen in the low-lying areas surrounding the St. Lawrence Seaway. These resulted from a particular geological formation in which important concentrations of naturally occurring methane are also observed.
No concentration of radon — a harmful gas that is both colourless and odourless — exceeded the level of permissible radioactivity established by Health Canada (2,000 becquerels per litre, or Bq/L). However, in 4.6 per cent of the wells, concentrations exceeded the levels recommended by the World Health Organization (100 Bq/L).
“Radon is easily dispersed into the atmosphere and, consequently, there is an increased risk of breathing it in in poorly ventilated locations,” Gélinas cautions.
That’s important to note because fracking has been linked to an increase in radon — which, in turn, has been linked to greater instances of cancer. “Now that we have established the normal levels of harmful chemicals like radon that naturally occur within a given area, we can carefully monitor whether these levels increase when big energy companies come in to mine for shale gas — and then hold those companies accountable if we do see pollution levels go up, as is widely believed,” Gélinas says.
Partners in research
The co-authors of this study are: Daniele L. Pinti, Marie Larocque, Diogo Barnetche, Jean-François Hélie and Sophie Retailleau from Université de Québec à Montréal; Anja Moritz and Yves Gélinas from Concordia; and René Lefebvre from Centre Eau Terre Environnement de l’Institut national de la recherche scientifique.