1 00:00:01,480 --> 00:00:05,680 [Musique] 2 00:00:12,370 --> 00:00:17,230 Hi, My name is Jade Almeida and I am 3 00:00:15,040 --> 00:00:19,890 working in sociology on "Black 4 00:00:17,230 --> 00:00:19,890 women who love women." 5 00:00:25,410 --> 00:00:30,360 Obviously, I am a Black woman. I 6 00:00:28,050 --> 00:00:31,470 migrated to Montreal, and am coming from 7 00:00:30,360 --> 00:00:32,730 Guadeloupe. However, I need to highlight 8 00:00:31,470 --> 00:00:33,300 that I am an immigrant with a French 9 00:00:32,730 --> 00:00:35,610 passport 10 00:00:33,300 --> 00:00:38,250 therefore I have several advantages regarding 11 00:00:35,610 --> 00:00:40,050 immigration, the right to come to Canada 12 00:00:38,250 --> 00:00:43,710 as a Black woman in a predominantly 13 00:00:40,050 --> 00:00:46,230 white university, a very conservative 14 00:00:43,710 --> 00:00:47,850 university in Montreal such as UdeM (Université de Montréal). 15 00:00:46,230 --> 00:00:49,410 The fact that such a project on anti-racism 16 00:00:47,850 --> 00:00:51,480 exists is extremely important 17 00:00:49,410 --> 00:00:53,550 because these are discriminations that 18 00:00:51,480 --> 00:00:55,710 I experience on a daily basis as a Black woman 19 00:00:53,550 --> 00:00:57,059 and which I fight against 20 00:00:55,710 --> 00:00:59,129 which also, I am 21 00:00:57,059 --> 00:01:02,040 working on in my doctorate. So 22 00:00:59,129 --> 00:01:04,820 for me, it was logical to 23 00:01:02,040 --> 00:01:04,820 participate to this project. 24 00:01:05,199 --> 00:01:08,000 In relation to 25 00:01:06,080 --> 00:01:09,980 my own expertise which is mostly about 26 00:01:08,000 --> 00:01:12,680 the life of Black women 27 00:01:09,980 --> 00:01:14,540 for me, honestly, it was the place 28 00:01:12,680 --> 00:01:16,280 of Black women (fighting) against COVID and 29 00:01:14,540 --> 00:01:18,500 especially the way Black women 30 00:01:16,280 --> 00:01:20,360 were portrayed in the media 31 00:01:18,500 --> 00:01:22,010 especially regarding to COVID 32 00:01:20,360 --> 00:01:24,730 victims. Therefore, this was a subject 33 00:01:22,010 --> 00:01:24,730 that was dear to my heart. 34 00:01:25,420 --> 00:01:29,890 When the pandemic finally 35 00:01:27,610 --> 00:01:31,810 arrived in Canada, and of course in Quebec, 36 00:01:29,890 --> 00:01:33,670 the first thing that was done was to 37 00:01:31,810 --> 00:01:35,170 research which populations 38 00:01:33,670 --> 00:01:35,950 were the most at risk towards 39 00:01:35,170 --> 00:01:38,320 the disease 40 00:01:35,950 --> 00:01:39,700 and the clusters of contamination 41 00:01:38,320 --> 00:01:42,039 meaning, where we could find 42 00:01:39,700 --> 00:01:43,630 most of the disease contaminations. 43 00:01:42,039 --> 00:01:45,310 Immediately, it is important to mention 44 00:01:43,630 --> 00:01:47,289 that the Canadian government and the 45 00:01:45,310 --> 00:01:50,500 government of Quebec refused to 46 00:01:47,289 --> 00:01:52,090 collect data that were 47 00:01:50,500 --> 00:01:53,110 specific for ethnic communities 48 00:01:52,090 --> 00:01:55,030 and racial communities. 49 00:01:53,110 --> 00:01:56,350 So we have data on age, 50 00:01:55,030 --> 00:01:57,310 we have data on gender, we have 51 00:01:56,350 --> 00:01:59,170 data on the geographic 52 00:01:57,310 --> 00:02:01,090 location, but officially the 53 00:01:59,170 --> 00:02:03,220 government refused to collect 54 00:02:01,090 --> 00:02:05,350 data that would allow us to know 55 00:02:03,220 --> 00:02:06,610 more about the racial angle, about 56 00:02:05,350 --> 00:02:10,030 the ethnic affiliation of the 57 00:02:06,610 --> 00:02:11,890 COVID-19 victims. However, 58 00:02:10,030 --> 00:02:13,750 very fast, we realised that when the 59 00:02:11,890 --> 00:02:16,360 disease arrived in Montreal, there was 60 00:02:13,750 --> 00:02:17,620 an overrepresentation of clusters of contamination 61 00:02:16,360 --> 00:02:19,840 especially in some 62 00:02:17,620 --> 00:02:22,420 neighborhoods. Three neighborhoods, in April 2020, 63 00:02:19,840 --> 00:02:24,580 which are Montreal Nord, Cote-des Neiges 64 00:02:22,420 --> 00:02:25,959 and Rivière-des-Prairies, so three 65 00:02:24,580 --> 00:02:28,450 neighborhood where there is an overrepresentation 66 00:02:25,959 --> 00:02:30,010 of racialized populations and migrants and 67 00:02:28,450 --> 00:02:30,579 especially Black and/or migrant 68 00:02:30,010 --> 00:02:32,440 populations. 69 00:02:30,579 --> 00:02:34,239 I stress this and/or because it is 70 00:02:32,440 --> 00:02:36,190 possible to be Black and not to be a migrant 71 00:02:34,239 --> 00:02:38,170 it is possible to be Black and a Canadian citizen 72 00:02:36,190 --> 00:02:39,820 which seems to open doors 73 00:02:38,170 --> 00:02:41,140 but, believe me, from time to time it is 74 00:02:39,820 --> 00:02:43,239 important to remember: there are Blacks who 75 00:02:41,140 --> 00:02:45,010 are Canadians. So, very fast, we have these 76 00:02:43,239 --> 00:02:46,630 three neighborhoods which, from April 77 00:02:45,010 --> 00:02:48,609 2020, were overrepresented in the numbers 78 00:02:46,630 --> 00:02:50,590 of contamination and voices raised 79 00:02:48,609 --> 00:02:51,609 to shed light on the fact that 80 00:02:50,590 --> 00:02:53,140 amongst the contaminated 81 00:02:51,609 --> 00:02:54,280 victims, and not only 82 00:02:53,140 --> 00:02:56,049 the contaminated victims but 83 00:02:54,280 --> 00:02:57,489 also death due to 84 00:02:56,049 --> 00:02:58,840 COVID-19, 85 00:02:57,489 --> 00:03:00,549 we see that there is an 86 00:02:58,840 --> 00:03:02,500 overrepresentation of racialised populations 87 00:03:00,549 --> 00:03:03,940 and especially Black populations. 88 00:03:02,500 --> 00:03:06,130 But as I said, we don’t have 89 00:03:03,940 --> 00:03:06,970 clear governmental 90 00:03:06,130 --> 00:03:10,359 data 91 00:03:06,970 --> 00:03:11,829 but we can compare 92 00:03:10,359 --> 00:03:13,209 data with other countries who 93 00:03:11,829 --> 00:03:13,989 did these statistics or with the 94 00:03:13,209 --> 00:03:15,700 rest of Canada 95 00:03:13,989 --> 00:03:17,010 therefore, we know, for example, as you 96 00:03:15,700 --> 00:03:20,470 can see on my Powerpoint, 97 00:03:17,010 --> 00:03:22,420 that in Toronto, the Black neighborhoods were 98 00:03:20,470 --> 00:03:24,700 overrepresented in the 99 00:03:22,420 --> 00:03:26,170 COVID-19 clusters of contamination. In 100 00:03:24,700 --> 00:03:27,190 the USA, where we have statistics, we 101 00:03:26,170 --> 00:03:29,319 realised that the Black 102 00:03:27,190 --> 00:03:31,510 populations and the Latinx populations are 103 00:03:29,319 --> 00:03:33,400 also overrepresentations in regard to 104 00:03:31,510 --> 00:03:35,380 contamination and are overrepresentated 105 00:03:33,400 --> 00:03:36,580 in regard to death toll. It is very important 106 00:03:35,380 --> 00:03:38,500 to make a difference between the two. 107 00:03:36,580 --> 00:03:40,240 Same on the other side of the Atlantic, there 108 00:03:38,500 --> 00:03:42,340 is also an overrepresenation of the 109 00:03:40,240 --> 00:03:44,020 British-Black community in the number 110 00:03:42,340 --> 00:03:45,790 of contaminations and being overrepresented 111 00:03:44,020 --> 00:03:47,080 in the death toll. Therefore, when we compare this with 112 00:03:45,790 --> 00:03:49,510 the rest of the world who also do these 113 00:03:47,080 --> 00:03:50,890 statistics and also which neighborhoods 114 00:03:49,510 --> 00:03:52,360 are overpresentationally 115 00:03:50,890 --> 00:03:53,680 contaminated via the COVID-19 116 00:03:52,360 --> 00:03:55,180 contamination rate 117 00:03:53,680 --> 00:03:57,340 and when I am talking about overrepresentation 118 00:03:55,180 --> 00:04:00,100 in April 2020, we estimated that in Montreal Nord 119 00:03:57,340 --> 00:04:02,230 there were a rate of contamination twice 120 00:04:00,100 --> 00:04:03,730 higher than the rest of the 121 00:04:02,230 --> 00:04:05,110 metropole, than the rest of Montreal. 122 00:04:03,730 --> 00:04:07,060 So there is a real difference 123 00:04:05,110 --> 00:04:09,460 in terms of the contamination 124 00:04:07,060 --> 00:04:10,870 rate. Therefore, very fast we can 125 00:04:09,460 --> 00:04:12,670 realize that there is a focus, 126 00:04:10,870 --> 00:04:14,110 towards racialized 127 00:04:12,670 --> 00:04:17,049 populations, especially Black populations. 128 00:04:14,110 --> 00:04:18,459 So in April 2020 we have the 129 00:04:17,049 --> 00:04:20,200 first statistics that came out and 130 00:04:18,459 --> 00:04:22,090 obviously, the media asked what, 131 00:04:20,200 --> 00:04:23,590 what is happening? Why are there 132 00:04:22,090 --> 00:04:25,660 such a high rate of 133 00:04:23,590 --> 00:04:27,160 contamination in some neighborhoods and 134 00:04:25,660 --> 00:04:29,410 especially in some populations? Is 135 00:04:27,160 --> 00:04:30,580 it linked to an 136 00:04:29,410 --> 00:04:31,690 ethnic affiliation or is it 137 00:04:30,580 --> 00:04:32,650 linked to the 138 00:04:31,690 --> 00:04:33,370 (social) structures? 139 00:04:32,650 --> 00:04:35,140 Is there something 140 00:04:33,370 --> 00:04:37,210 linked to the geography? etc. 141 00:04:35,140 --> 00:04:38,710 What interested me 142 00:04:37,210 --> 00:04:40,420 in this subject is that when the 143 00:04:38,710 --> 00:04:42,730 media was focused on this problema 144 00:04:40,420 --> 00:04:44,080 especially in Montreal Nord, there 145 00:04:42,730 --> 00:04:47,200 were articles such as the article 146 00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:50,080 that came out on Radio-Canada at the end of 2020 147 00:04:47,200 --> 00:04:52,180 that searched as I mentionned - for the 148 00:04:50,080 --> 00:04:54,100 reasons for the rate of contamination. 149 00:04:52,180 --> 00:04:55,300 And amongst the reasons, 150 00:04:54,100 --> 00:04:57,040 they put forward that 151 00:04:55,300 --> 00:04:58,690 the rate of contamination was not due 152 00:04:57,040 --> 00:05:00,490 to the first wave. The first 153 00:04:58,690 --> 00:05:02,560 wave, especially in Canada and in 154 00:05:00,490 --> 00:05:04,120 Quebec is due to travels. 155 00:05:02,560 --> 00:05:05,350 So people who came back from 156 00:05:04,120 --> 00:05:06,970 abroad, that where contaminated 157 00:05:05,350 --> 00:05:08,680 abroad and who came back 158 00:05:06,970 --> 00:05:10,390 contaminated with their friends, 159 00:05:08,680 --> 00:05:11,890 families created a cluster of 160 00:05:10,390 --> 00:05:14,080 contamination. From the beginning what 161 00:05:11,890 --> 00:05:15,760 statisticians brought 162 00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:18,070 to light and what the journals will 163 00:05:15,760 --> 00:05:19,600 disseminate is that the (vulnerable) neighborhoods mentioned, 164 00:05:18,070 --> 00:05:20,590 especially Montreal Nord, 165 00:05:19,600 --> 00:05:21,850 are not linked to this first waves 166 00:05:20,590 --> 00:05:24,250 it was not linked to travels. So it is 167 00:05:21,850 --> 00:05:24,580 something else, the disease was coming from 168 00:05:24,250 --> 00:05:26,350 somewhere else! 169 00:05:24,580 --> 00:05:27,910 They will realise that there is 170 00:05:26,350 --> 00:05:29,410 also an overrepresentation of 171 00:05:27,910 --> 00:05:31,420 healthcare workers in these 172 00:05:29,410 --> 00:05:33,310 neighborhood, it is important to mention 173 00:05:31,420 --> 00:05:34,840 that in Montreal 15% of the 174 00:05:33,310 --> 00:05:35,380 population work 175 00:05:34,840 --> 00:05:37,270 in the healthcare system. 176 00:05:35,380 --> 00:05:39,220 But in Montreal Nord, it is 23% of the 177 00:05:37,270 --> 00:05:40,390 population. Therefore we have 178 00:05:39,220 --> 00:05:41,860 healthcare workers who are 179 00:05:40,390 --> 00:05:43,510 overrepresented in some 180 00:05:41,860 --> 00:05:45,910 neighborhoods and especially in 181 00:05:43,510 --> 00:05:47,710 Montreal Nord. What will 182 00:05:45,910 --> 00:05:48,910 come to light is that there are many 183 00:05:47,710 --> 00:05:51,130 women, especially Black women, 184 00:05:48,910 --> 00:05:52,780 Black women from 185 00:05:51,130 --> 00:05:54,100 immigrant communities, Haitian Black 186 00:05:52,780 --> 00:05:55,090 women, who work in the healthcare 187 00:05:54,100 --> 00:05:58,050 system and who work also in 188 00:05:55,090 --> 00:06:01,480 CHSLD - so residential and 189 00:05:58,050 --> 00:06:03,700 long term centers 190 00:06:01,480 --> 00:06:06,070 for older adults, 191 00:06:03,700 --> 00:06:08,950 the care, the support for 192 00:06:06,070 --> 00:06:10,270 people. And so, there are these cities, there are 193 00:06:08,950 --> 00:06:11,860 these neighborhoods sorry, there are these 194 00:06:10,270 --> 00:06:12,820 neighborhoods with higher rates 195 00:06:11,860 --> 00:06:14,110 of contamination and we 196 00:06:12,820 --> 00:06:15,700 start to realise that it is 197 00:06:14,110 --> 00:06:17,680 because there is an overrepresentation 198 00:06:15,700 --> 00:06:19,210 of healthcare workers. And so, 199 00:06:17,680 --> 00:06:20,800 the article is asking okay? now 200 00:06:19,210 --> 00:06:22,660 that we have this data, why, why is it that 201 00:06:20,800 --> 00:06:23,680 that there are that many healthcare 202 00:06:22,660 --> 00:06:24,760 workers working in Montréal Nord? 203 00:06:23,680 --> 00:06:26,920 and why is there this overrepresentation of 204 00:06:24,760 --> 00:06:29,290 Black women in 205 00:06:26,920 --> 00:06:30,580 this field and that 206 00:06:29,290 --> 00:06:31,810 making them amongst the 207 00:06:30,580 --> 00:06:33,760 first victims of these contaminations? 208 00:06:31,810 --> 00:06:34,840 Because the danger of their work is 209 00:06:33,760 --> 00:06:36,850 that they are in direct contact with 210 00:06:34,840 --> 00:06:37,660 people who might 211 00:06:36,850 --> 00:06:40,270 be contaminated. 212 00:06:37,660 --> 00:06:41,980 And amongst the reasons that were given, 213 00:06:40,270 --> 00:06:43,960 the first reason, they will ask the 214 00:06:41,980 --> 00:06:46,030 director of an employment assistance 215 00:06:43,960 --> 00:06:47,770 agency which helps 216 00:06:46,030 --> 00:06:49,900 immigrants to rapidly find 217 00:06:47,770 --> 00:06:51,430 jobs in Montréal and the 218 00:06:49,900 --> 00:06:52,870 director, amongst the reason that she 219 00:06:51,430 --> 00:06:55,690 cited, the first that she will give 220 00:06:52,870 --> 00:06:57,010 is that I quote: “it is normal to 221 00:06:55,690 --> 00:06:58,660 find immigrant Black women in 222 00:06:57,010 --> 00:07:01,960 these jobs because according to 223 00:06:58,660 --> 00:07:03,100 her, culturally, they value themselves 224 00:07:01,960 --> 00:07:06,400 when taking care of others.” 225 00:07:03,100 --> 00:07:08,020 So they are coming from a culture where 226 00:07:06,400 --> 00:07:09,730 socially the feminine role is more 227 00:07:08,020 --> 00:07:11,560 stereotyped. There again I am quoting 228 00:07:09,730 --> 00:07:12,340 her and "they are sympathetic towards 229 00:07:11,560 --> 00:07:14,260 older adults" 230 00:07:12,340 --> 00:07:15,940 end of the quote. Therefore we have one of 231 00:07:14,260 --> 00:07:17,200 the first reasons and it is that 232 00:07:15,940 --> 00:07:19,270 it is a normal thing in their culture 233 00:07:17,200 --> 00:07:21,550 in their essence that Black immigrant women 234 00:07:19,270 --> 00:07:23,290 might be more apt to have 235 00:07:21,550 --> 00:07:25,780 these jobs helping people 236 00:07:23,290 --> 00:07:27,430 because culturally 237 00:07:25,780 --> 00:07:28,930 the self-sacrifice of taking care 238 00:07:27,430 --> 00:07:30,070 of others is very deeply anchored. So 239 00:07:28,930 --> 00:07:32,110 culturally, they again have a very 240 00:07:30,070 --> 00:07:34,180 feminine job occupation, very 241 00:07:32,110 --> 00:07:35,890 stereotyped, including jobs in 242 00:07:34,180 --> 00:07:37,870 in healthcare. And this is really 243 00:07:35,890 --> 00:07:39,190 it seems anecdotic but it is really 244 00:07:37,870 --> 00:07:41,650 something that jumped to my eyes 245 00:07:39,190 --> 00:07:43,360 because this idea that Black 246 00:07:41,650 --> 00:07:45,700 women are more qualified for 247 00:07:43,360 --> 00:07:47,260 some jobs, especially jobs helping 248 00:07:45,700 --> 00:07:47,650 people is not something 249 00:07:47,260 --> 00:07:49,240 new. 250 00:07:47,650 --> 00:07:51,370 In fact, it is the idea that is 251 00:07:49,240 --> 00:07:54,100 deeply anchored in our society 252 00:07:51,370 --> 00:07:56,470 and has been there for hundreds 253 00:07:54,100 --> 00:07:59,260 of years and that is always used 254 00:07:56,470 --> 00:08:00,100 modernized to justify 255 00:07:59,260 --> 00:08:01,690 some laws, 256 00:08:00,100 --> 00:08:03,160 some regulations, or the fact that 257 00:08:01,690 --> 00:08:04,780 there are (more) Black women in 258 00:08:03,160 --> 00:08:05,700 some jobs compared to 259 00:08:04,780 --> 00:08:07,290 others. 260 00:08:05,700 --> 00:08:09,030 So when I say that this is an idea that 261 00:08:07,290 --> 00:08:10,440 is absolutely not new, I mean 262 00:08:09,030 --> 00:08:12,210 that this idea that Black 263 00:08:10,440 --> 00:08:13,920 women are more qualified to care, might 264 00:08:12,210 --> 00:08:16,320 be more docile more, subservient can be 265 00:08:13,920 --> 00:08:17,700 found since the end of slavery, during 266 00:08:16,320 --> 00:08:19,710 slavery and I remind you that 267 00:08:17,700 --> 00:08:20,730 Canada used to practise slavery, Quebec 268 00:08:19,710 --> 00:08:22,800 also. During the end of 269 00:08:20,730 --> 00:08:24,330 segregation but mostly to give you 270 00:08:22,800 --> 00:08:26,820 an idea at what point this 271 00:08:24,330 --> 00:08:28,920 will be normalized in 272 00:08:26,820 --> 00:08:31,530 laws, meaning that after 273 00:08:28,920 --> 00:08:34,470 World War II, in 1955, 274 00:08:31,530 --> 00:08:36,300 Canada will make an immigration 275 00:08:34,470 --> 00:08:37,979 law named : 276 00:08:36,300 --> 00:08:39,150 "The Caribbean Domestic Scheme" this means 277 00:08:37,979 --> 00:08:42,450 that this law allowed them (Canada) 278 00:08:39,150 --> 00:08:44,100 to go look for Black, unmarried 279 00:08:42,450 --> 00:08:45,510 women with no children in countries 280 00:08:44,100 --> 00:08:47,310 like Jamaica, Barbados but 281 00:08:45,510 --> 00:08:50,130 also Guadeloupe, Haiti because they 282 00:08:47,310 --> 00:08:52,740 speak French so more convenient for 283 00:08:50,130 --> 00:08:54,300 them to be maids in 284 00:08:52,740 --> 00:08:55,950 Quebec. And they go look for these 285 00:08:54,300 --> 00:08:57,360 maids abroad because after 286 00:08:55,950 --> 00:08:59,250 WWII, there was 287 00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:01,400 the first feminist progress 288 00:08:59,250 --> 00:09:04,980 led by white women 289 00:09:01,400 --> 00:09:06,810 from middle class to bourgeoisie who 290 00:09:04,980 --> 00:09:08,580 fought against the idea 291 00:09:06,810 --> 00:09:10,440 that they need to stay home 292 00:09:08,580 --> 00:09:11,250 and take care of the household. So 293 00:09:10,440 --> 00:09:12,510 what we need to understand 294 00:09:11,250 --> 00:09:14,790 is that at the time of these feminist 295 00:09:12,510 --> 00:09:16,620 revendications that questioned 296 00:09:14,790 --> 00:09:17,730 the separation of the housework, the 297 00:09:16,620 --> 00:09:19,290 repartition of the domestic tacks, 298 00:09:17,730 --> 00:09:19,770 especially in the 299 00:09:19,290 --> 00:09:22,320 family 300 00:09:19,770 --> 00:09:24,060 this is not going to create a revolution 301 00:09:22,320 --> 00:09:26,100 in which a change of the 302 00:09:24,060 --> 00:09:28,500 family unit or in 303 00:09:26,100 --> 00:09:30,450 the repartition of the domestic tasks 304 00:09:28,500 --> 00:09:32,070 or of job occupation regarding the gender of 305 00:09:30,450 --> 00:09:33,870 whom is going to take care of the house, 306 00:09:32,070 --> 00:09:35,310 it will just take 307 00:09:33,870 --> 00:09:38,370 the responsibilities of the domestic 308 00:09:35,310 --> 00:09:40,380 tasks and put them onto 309 00:09:38,370 --> 00:09:41,610 another group of women. This means, white 310 00:09:40,380 --> 00:09:42,630 women from these social classes did not want 311 00:09:41,610 --> 00:09:44,790 to do the domestic 312 00:09:42,630 --> 00:09:46,440 work, therefore, they woould give the baby, they 313 00:09:44,790 --> 00:09:47,490 would pass on the work to other women. 314 00:09:46,440 --> 00:09:49,410 They looked for racialized and 315 00:09:47,490 --> 00:09:51,000 migrants women to 316 00:09:49,410 --> 00:09:52,440 take care of the domestic work to 317 00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:53,730 make these women 318 00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:55,440 free from this work 319 00:09:53,730 --> 00:09:56,520 to be able to have a career, and go out 320 00:09:55,440 --> 00:09:57,870 find job etc. 321 00:09:56,520 --> 00:10:00,300 So it is really just a 322 00:09:57,870 --> 00:10:01,560 handover of responsibility from 323 00:10:00,300 --> 00:10:04,140 domestic work to take care of the 324 00:10:01,560 --> 00:10:04,860 kids and the cleaning. So 325 00:10:04,140 --> 00:10:06,510 from these years 326 00:10:04,860 --> 00:10:07,860 from the beginning of the 19th century, there 327 00:10:06,510 --> 00:10:09,840 was immigration, there was an 328 00:10:07,860 --> 00:10:12,060 immigration from Guadeloupe since 1911 329 00:10:09,840 --> 00:10:14,850 for example. So, I will show you a 330 00:10:12,060 --> 00:10:17,200 picture this group, 331 00:10:14,850 --> 00:10:19,690 this picture is of a group of women 332 00:10:17,200 --> 00:10:22,090 from Guadeloupe who from 1911, 333 00:10:19,690 --> 00:10:23,950 were recruited for 334 00:10:22,090 --> 00:10:26,320 domestic jobs in Montreal. 335 00:10:23,950 --> 00:10:27,970 But when I was talking about 1955 for example 336 00:10:26,320 --> 00:10:28,810 here you see... this is a group 337 00:10:27,970 --> 00:10:30,610 in Toronto, if 338 00:10:28,810 --> 00:10:32,950 I am not mistaken, I will give you 339 00:10:30,610 --> 00:10:35,500 the references for the pictures mentioned. And 340 00:10:32,950 --> 00:10:37,000 so, there is this immigration law 341 00:10:35,500 --> 00:10:38,620 which, when I say is 342 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:39,730 deeply racist and sexist, it 343 00:10:38,620 --> 00:10:41,170 is not only a law that enabled the 344 00:10:39,730 --> 00:10:42,670 search for Black women to take 345 00:10:41,170 --> 00:10:43,270 domestic jobs but that 346 00:10:42,670 --> 00:10:44,830 forced them 347 00:10:43,270 --> 00:10:46,210 into these jobs. I mean, even if 348 00:10:44,830 --> 00:10:48,400 these women had a 349 00:10:46,210 --> 00:10:50,230 nursing certification, 350 00:10:48,400 --> 00:10:52,270 a teaching certification, 351 00:10:50,230 --> 00:10:54,190 so can have other jobs, they did not 352 00:10:52,270 --> 00:10:56,200 have the right to work 353 00:10:54,190 --> 00:10:57,700 elsewhere, other than 354 00:10:56,200 --> 00:11:00,370 to be a maid if they wanted 355 00:10:57,700 --> 00:11:01,510 to come to Canada. Not only did they not 356 00:11:00,370 --> 00:11:03,010 have the right to be anything else 357 00:11:01,510 --> 00:11:04,120 but a maid but they didn't have the right 358 00:11:03,010 --> 00:11:05,770 to change employers. 359 00:11:04,120 --> 00:11:07,380 So they had one employer that 360 00:11:05,770 --> 00:11:09,400 would take their passports 361 00:11:07,380 --> 00:11:11,350 so they were totally under the yoke 362 00:11:09,400 --> 00:11:13,180 of this employer, abuse is extremely well 363 00:11:11,350 --> 00:11:14,710 documented 364 00:11:13,180 --> 00:11:15,940 by 365 00:11:14,710 --> 00:11:18,220 women because they 366 00:11:15,940 --> 00:11:19,510 live at their employer’s, they don't have any 367 00:11:18,220 --> 00:11:20,260 free days, they worked from 368 00:11:19,510 --> 00:11:21,820 Monday to Sunday, 369 00:11:20,260 --> 00:11:24,520 They are extremely badly paid, 370 00:11:21,820 --> 00:11:26,560 badly treated by the 371 00:11:24,520 --> 00:11:28,780 families, the employers, but also by 372 00:11:26,560 --> 00:11:30,490 the entire immigration system that 373 00:11:28,780 --> 00:11:32,140 was forcing them to take these jobs and that 374 00:11:30,490 --> 00:11:34,360 refused to listen to their complaints and 375 00:11:32,140 --> 00:11:36,280 turned a blind eye, tightly 376 00:11:34,360 --> 00:11:37,660 close their eyes to the abuse that 377 00:11:36,280 --> 00:11:38,770 was denounced by 378 00:11:37,660 --> 00:11:40,660 organization like "Maison des Femmes 379 00:11:38,770 --> 00:11:41,800 d'Haïti" for example. So this was 380 00:11:40,660 --> 00:11:43,510 greatly documented. 381 00:11:41,800 --> 00:11:44,680 So there are these laws that are forcing them in 382 00:11:43,510 --> 00:11:45,880 these jobs and why I say that this is 383 00:11:44,680 --> 00:11:47,620 also discriminating is because 384 00:11:45,880 --> 00:11:49,600 the immigration of white women 385 00:11:47,620 --> 00:11:51,250 from Europe, for example, they did not 386 00:11:49,600 --> 00:11:52,180 have the same restrictions. I mean that 387 00:11:51,250 --> 00:11:53,230 when they arrive in 388 00:11:52,180 --> 00:11:55,270 Canada, they are not forced 389 00:11:53,230 --> 00:11:58,450 to be maids, they can be nannies 390 00:11:55,270 --> 00:12:00,310 therefore, they have a higher status. And 391 00:11:58,450 --> 00:12:02,500 more than being nannies they are 392 00:12:00,310 --> 00:12:04,330 not forced to stay 393 00:12:02,500 --> 00:12:05,800 with one employer. No one takes their 394 00:12:04,330 --> 00:12:07,060 passports and they can change jobs, 395 00:12:05,800 --> 00:12:08,890 they are not forced to live at 396 00:12:07,060 --> 00:12:10,480 their employer’s, so the racial and 397 00:12:08,890 --> 00:12:12,280 gender difference is clear 398 00:12:10,480 --> 00:12:13,360 when this immigration law was 399 00:12:12,280 --> 00:12:15,430 put into place. 400 00:12:13,360 --> 00:12:17,110 And how was it justified to go take 401 00:12:15,430 --> 00:12:19,330 women from Barbados, 402 00:12:17,110 --> 00:12:20,920 Jamaica, Guadeloupe and the Caribbean’s? 403 00:12:19,330 --> 00:12:22,960 to have these domestic jobs? 404 00:12:20,920 --> 00:12:25,180 it was justified by saying that 405 00:12:22,960 --> 00:12:27,880 "Black women were naturally more 406 00:12:25,180 --> 00:12:28,510 docile, more servile." This is seen in texts, 407 00:12:27,880 --> 00:12:30,460 laws, they 408 00:12:28,510 --> 00:12:31,750 "are more naturally" apt to take care 409 00:12:30,460 --> 00:12:33,160 of others, they would naturally 410 00:12:31,750 --> 00:12:34,840 be more apt to take care of the cleaning, 411 00:12:33,160 --> 00:12:36,220 there is something culturally in them 412 00:12:34,840 --> 00:12:38,650 that is making them 413 00:12:36,220 --> 00:12:40,810 (perfect) as maids, the ideal helper. 414 00:12:38,650 --> 00:12:42,190 So at this time, there is the same 415 00:12:40,810 --> 00:12:43,900 situation, the same mechanism that 416 00:12:42,190 --> 00:12:45,520 is seen in 2020 to explain that 417 00:12:43,900 --> 00:12:48,040 Black women are predominantly seen 418 00:12:45,520 --> 00:12:49,300 in the healthcare field. And to make a link 419 00:12:48,040 --> 00:12:50,560 between them, because I am talking about maids, 420 00:12:49,300 --> 00:12:53,170 helpers 421 00:12:50,560 --> 00:12:54,310 and in 2020, we talk again 422 00:12:53,170 --> 00:12:54,760 about jobs that are in the healthcare 423 00:12:54,310 --> 00:12:56,230 field 424 00:12:54,760 --> 00:12:58,030 which is important to understand is that 425 00:12:56,230 --> 00:12:58,570 obviously, there is an evolution in the 426 00:12:58,030 --> 00:13:02,440 workplace. 427 00:12:58,570 --> 00:13:04,300 The live-in maid job is 428 00:13:02,440 --> 00:13:06,610 a job that disappeared slowly 429 00:13:04,300 --> 00:13:08,020 and paradoxically we are in 430 00:13:06,610 --> 00:13:09,520 a society that has never needed 431 00:13:08,020 --> 00:13:11,230 that much care, that has never needed 432 00:13:09,520 --> 00:13:12,580 that many helpers 433 00:13:11,230 --> 00:13:14,020 because we are in a society that 434 00:13:12,580 --> 00:13:15,640 is getting older. 435 00:13:14,020 --> 00:13:16,780 So we have never had that many 436 00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:19,530 older adults, older adults 437 00:13:16,780 --> 00:13:22,210 have never lived that long 438 00:13:19,530 --> 00:13:24,670 so we really need, we have a society 439 00:13:22,210 --> 00:13:27,040 that literally needs people 440 00:13:24,670 --> 00:13:28,900 who can take care of our more 441 00:13:27,040 --> 00:13:29,980 vulnerable populations. That is why I 442 00:13:28,900 --> 00:13:31,540 said paradoxically, because 443 00:13:29,980 --> 00:13:33,010 paradoxically, we have a society that has 444 00:13:31,540 --> 00:13:34,420 never needed that much care but 445 00:13:33,010 --> 00:13:36,940 also in a society that has never 446 00:13:34,420 --> 00:13:38,740 devalued care that much, (devalued) the jobs 447 00:13:36,940 --> 00:13:40,120 related to help. When I say 448 00:13:38,740 --> 00:13:41,440 devalued, it is important to understand that 449 00:13:40,120 --> 00:13:43,180 everything that has a link with care is 450 00:13:41,440 --> 00:13:44,740 considered as feminine 451 00:13:43,180 --> 00:13:47,140 jobs, right? Jobs that 452 00:13:44,740 --> 00:13:48,760 are feminine. So 453 00:13:47,140 --> 00:13:50,290 when I said that there was no revolution 454 00:13:48,760 --> 00:13:52,180 regarding domestic tasks 455 00:13:50,290 --> 00:13:53,530 distribution and help 456 00:13:52,180 --> 00:13:55,660 it is that, that I was talking about. In 457 00:13:53,530 --> 00:13:57,070 2020, it is still considered that these 458 00:13:55,660 --> 00:13:59,350 are jobs that are more 459 00:13:57,070 --> 00:14:01,090 women jobs, these jobs 460 00:13:59,350 --> 00:14:02,950 that are devalued 461 00:14:01,090 --> 00:14:05,110 meaning underpaid 462 00:14:02,950 --> 00:14:06,310 very badly paid, with very bad 463 00:14:05,110 --> 00:14:09,130 working conditions. 464 00:14:06,310 --> 00:14:10,360 The government constantly keeps 465 00:14:09,130 --> 00:14:12,820 lowering financing for 466 00:14:10,360 --> 00:14:13,960 public health institutions, so 467 00:14:12,820 --> 00:14:15,970 these jobs are more and more 468 00:14:13,960 --> 00:14:17,620 difficult to have and more and 469 00:14:15,970 --> 00:14:19,180 more difficult for physical and 470 00:14:17,620 --> 00:14:20,440 mental health 471 00:14:19,180 --> 00:14:23,110 meaning that these 472 00:14:20,440 --> 00:14:25,510 jobs are not valued. In a 473 00:14:23,110 --> 00:14:27,160 way that these jobs are 474 00:14:25,510 --> 00:14:28,680 extremely difficult and 475 00:14:27,160 --> 00:14:30,700 in all countries where there is 476 00:14:28,680 --> 00:14:32,680 a demographic transformation, we realise 477 00:14:30,700 --> 00:14:35,020 that some of these jobs 478 00:14:32,680 --> 00:14:37,450 do not attract the citizens 479 00:14:35,020 --> 00:14:39,270 from middle to high class even the lowest 480 00:14:37,450 --> 00:14:41,550 of the middle-class citizens do not want to 481 00:14:39,270 --> 00:14:42,330 have these jobs that are considered 482 00:14:41,550 --> 00:14:44,160 the lowest in these societies. 483 00:14:42,330 --> 00:14:45,270 And when I say in all the countries 484 00:14:44,160 --> 00:14:47,100 we realise that it is the 485 00:14:45,270 --> 00:14:49,380 same justification that with 486 00:14:47,100 --> 00:14:50,760 the domestic jobs, our 487 00:14:49,380 --> 00:14:51,990 population does not want to have these 488 00:14:50,760 --> 00:14:54,630 jobs, therefore we go search for 489 00:14:51,990 --> 00:14:55,500 migrant and marginalized populations and we 490 00:14:54,630 --> 00:14:57,240 are going 491 00:14:55,500 --> 00:14:59,070 to impoverish them and 492 00:14:57,240 --> 00:15:01,020 keep them in a constant financial 493 00:14:59,070 --> 00:15:02,430 poverty thanks to social 494 00:15:01,020 --> 00:15:03,930 structures that do not let 495 00:15:02,430 --> 00:15:06,210 them have a say on the matter, 496 00:15:03,930 --> 00:15:08,250 they will take jobs where 497 00:15:06,210 --> 00:15:09,540 they can be hired. So they experiece 498 00:15:08,250 --> 00:15:11,850 racism in hiring, 499 00:15:09,540 --> 00:15:13,620 systemic racism. Therefore it is important to 500 00:15:11,850 --> 00:15:15,120 understand that there are few choices 501 00:15:13,620 --> 00:15:16,740 for Black women, 502 00:15:15,120 --> 00:15:18,270 citizen or migrants, on the 503 00:15:16,740 --> 00:15:20,400 level of job they can 504 00:15:18,270 --> 00:15:21,510 have. Amongst the type 505 00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:23,100 of jobs there is an overrepresentation 506 00:15:21,510 --> 00:15:24,420 in jobs 507 00:15:23,100 --> 00:15:27,420 related to "help" (work). Especially 508 00:15:24,420 --> 00:15:29,250 jobs in CHSLD that do not require 509 00:15:27,420 --> 00:15:32,460 much 510 00:15:29,250 --> 00:15:34,050 training, there is a 511 00:15:32,460 --> 00:15:35,520 training then you can start 512 00:15:34,050 --> 00:15:37,590 and therefore these are 513 00:15:35,520 --> 00:15:39,120 jobs that are especially 514 00:15:37,590 --> 00:15:41,250 occupied by women freshly 515 00:15:39,120 --> 00:15:43,290 arrived for example. And here you can 516 00:15:41,250 --> 00:15:45,570 add, as I said you have 517 00:15:43,290 --> 00:15:46,680 the nanny stereotype, so when I 518 00:15:45,570 --> 00:15:48,090 say the nanny stereotype 519 00:15:46,680 --> 00:15:50,460 you have obviously 520 00:15:48,090 --> 00:15:52,020 the image of some movies that 521 00:15:50,460 --> 00:15:53,370 popularized this stereotype 522 00:15:52,020 --> 00:15:55,380 but it is often a stereotype that 523 00:15:53,370 --> 00:15:57,330 we imagine in an American context 524 00:15:55,380 --> 00:15:59,010 but it is a stereotype that we 525 00:15:57,330 --> 00:16:00,570 can see in a Canadian context that 526 00:15:59,010 --> 00:16:01,770 is used to justify the setting of 527 00:16:00,570 --> 00:16:06,780 some laws, as I said, 528 00:16:01,770 --> 00:16:08,490 or the distribution of some jobs. So 529 00:16:06,780 --> 00:16:10,260 the nanny stereotype that is going to 530 00:16:08,490 --> 00:16:12,540 be used to justify the fact that 531 00:16:10,260 --> 00:16:14,310 Black women are more apt, more docile, more 532 00:16:12,540 --> 00:16:16,290 servile and more apt to 533 00:16:14,310 --> 00:16:18,180 take care of others is seen 534 00:16:16,290 --> 00:16:21,810 also with 535 00:16:18,180 --> 00:16:22,980 other contexts or is seen 536 00:16:21,810 --> 00:16:24,150 in other types of 537 00:16:22,980 --> 00:16:26,100 stereotypes that will literally 538 00:16:24,150 --> 00:16:27,810 reinforce the status of Black women in this 539 00:16:26,100 --> 00:16:29,250 funnel of risks. There is the 540 00:16:27,810 --> 00:16:31,470 nanny stereotype that is a player but 541 00:16:29,250 --> 00:16:33,360 there is also the stereotype of the "strong 542 00:16:31,470 --> 00:16:36,000 Black women" this idea that 543 00:16:33,360 --> 00:16:37,170 Black women are strong and what that 544 00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:38,070 means, what that suggests, 545 00:16:37,170 --> 00:16:39,840 what that justifies 546 00:16:38,070 --> 00:16:40,800 is that Black women 547 00:16:39,840 --> 00:16:42,570 are so strong that they can 548 00:16:40,800 --> 00:16:43,710 deal with everything. This 549 00:16:42,570 --> 00:16:46,230 opens the door to abuse, 550 00:16:43,710 --> 00:16:48,900 it is the hidden face of this 551 00:16:46,230 --> 00:16:51,030 stereotype that can be seen as 552 00:16:48,900 --> 00:16:51,810 a compliment " they are 553 00:16:51,030 --> 00:16:53,220 strong, so we know 554 00:16:51,810 --> 00:16:54,810 their strength" we recognise 555 00:16:53,220 --> 00:16:56,790 their importance in the familial 556 00:16:54,810 --> 00:16:57,630 structure, but we do not recognise that 557 00:16:56,790 --> 00:16:59,220 they can be victims as well. 558 00:16:57,630 --> 00:17:01,140 We are not expecting that they can 559 00:16:59,220 --> 00:17:02,730 be tired, Black women are not helped 560 00:17:01,140 --> 00:17:04,650 to rest for example, 561 00:17:02,730 --> 00:17:06,000 the "strong Black women" is 562 00:17:04,650 --> 00:17:09,300 used to justifiy (the notion) that they can 563 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:11,280 deal with any difficult job and 564 00:17:09,300 --> 00:17:12,900 long hours of work that requires 565 00:17:11,280 --> 00:17:14,819 a lot physically and mentally. 566 00:17:12,900 --> 00:17:16,620 So this is also at play. There is 567 00:17:14,819 --> 00:17:18,569 of course hiring discrimination 568 00:17:16,620 --> 00:17:20,189 and discrimination linked to 569 00:17:18,569 --> 00:17:21,300 promotions when they 570 00:17:20,189 --> 00:17:23,400 are in the workplace, they 571 00:17:21,300 --> 00:17:26,400 stay low in the pay scale and 572 00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:27,689 of course there is the status of Black women 573 00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:29,010 in the family, in their communities 574 00:17:27,689 --> 00:17:31,920 the fact that they are the head of the 575 00:17:29,010 --> 00:17:33,510 family, the fact that they need to give, that 576 00:17:31,920 --> 00:17:36,000 they have a community, they have a family who 577 00:17:33,510 --> 00:17:37,140 rest on their contributions 578 00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:37,590 especially financial 579 00:17:37,140 --> 00:17:39,450 contributions. 580 00:17:37,590 --> 00:17:41,280 All these discriminations and all 581 00:17:39,450 --> 00:17:45,150 these expectations and all this 582 00:17:41,280 --> 00:17:46,650 pressure is adding up to create 583 00:17:45,150 --> 00:17:48,330 a literal funnel of risks and to 584 00:17:46,650 --> 00:17:51,030 keep them low in 585 00:17:48,330 --> 00:17:53,010 this funnel of risks. Of course 586 00:17:51,030 --> 00:17:55,740 the reason why I wanted to talk about 587 00:17:53,010 --> 00:17:57,660 this article which 588 00:17:55,740 --> 00:17:59,370 seems anecdotal is because it contributes 589 00:17:57,660 --> 00:18:01,110 to a history of stereotypes 590 00:17:59,370 --> 00:18:03,300 and stigmatisation, it contributes 591 00:18:01,110 --> 00:18:04,320 to the normalisation 592 00:18:03,300 --> 00:18:05,910 of the sacrifices of Black women. 593 00:18:04,320 --> 00:18:08,160 When you look at 594 00:18:05,910 --> 00:18:10,290 a pandemic as the one we are living 595 00:18:08,160 --> 00:18:11,700 look at the COVID-19 analysis and 596 00:18:10,290 --> 00:18:13,620 you will realize that 597 00:18:11,700 --> 00:18:15,870 the racial angle is sadly 598 00:18:13,620 --> 00:18:18,929 often the first angle to be 599 00:18:15,870 --> 00:18:21,360 put aside or forgotten in these 600 00:18:18,929 --> 00:18:22,800 analyses, in most of the 601 00:18:21,360 --> 00:18:25,200 sociological analyses that are done 602 00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:27,210 even an analysis as the one for the COVID-19 pandemic, 603 00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:29,220 if we take into consideration the racial angle 604 00:18:27,210 --> 00:18:30,420 in addition to the than daily angle 605 00:18:29,220 --> 00:18:32,070 you will realize that, again, there is 606 00:18:30,420 --> 00:18:33,660 an overrepresentation of some victims. 607 00:18:32,070 --> 00:18:35,520 But sadly, also about the 608 00:18:33,660 --> 00:18:37,380 normalization of this victimization. 609 00:18:35,520 --> 00:18:39,000 Meaning that they want to put 610 00:18:37,380 --> 00:18:41,100 the guilt, there is a very good article 611 00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:41,940 written about that, I will put in the 612 00:18:41,100 --> 00:18:43,290 references, 613 00:18:41,940 --> 00:18:44,880 they want to put the guilt on the 614 00:18:43,290 --> 00:18:46,290 victims. Finally, if they are 615 00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:47,910 mostly infected it is because 616 00:18:46,290 --> 00:18:51,600 they are our heroes 617 00:18:47,910 --> 00:18:52,590 on the first line to 618 00:18:51,600 --> 00:18:54,000 fight COVID-19. 619 00:18:52,590 --> 00:18:55,050 But if we see them on the first line 620 00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:56,280 it is not because they have 621 00:18:55,050 --> 00:18:57,990 no choice, it is because 622 00:18:56,280 --> 00:18:59,970 "naturally" they are more apt. 623 00:18:57,990 --> 00:19:01,800 They are Black women and Black women 624 00:18:59,970 --> 00:19:03,179 are working as 625 00:19:01,800 --> 00:19:04,250 nurses because it is something 626 00:19:03,179 --> 00:19:05,630 that is culturally anchored. 627 00:19:04,250 --> 00:19:07,700 The fact that there is this 628 00:19:05,630 --> 00:19:09,530 normalization of the victimization of 629 00:19:07,700 --> 00:19:10,760 Black women is so anchored in 630 00:19:09,530 --> 00:19:12,290 our society that it is 631 00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:14,240 literally showing in every 632 00:19:12,290 --> 00:19:16,730 facet of our analyses. And why am saying 633 00:19:14,240 --> 00:19:18,800 this? it is important to understand that 634 00:19:16,730 --> 00:19:20,300 this funnel of risks is reinforced with 635 00:19:18,800 --> 00:19:21,980 systemic racism and of course 636 00:19:20,300 --> 00:19:23,360 this vicious cycle is also 637 00:19:21,980 --> 00:19:25,160 an important reason to 638 00:19:23,360 --> 00:19:26,630 why there is this contamination 639 00:19:25,160 --> 00:19:29,150 in some neighborhood. When we say 640 00:19:26,630 --> 00:19:31,100 not well-paid jobs, we say obviously 641 00:19:29,150 --> 00:19:32,300 unsanitary housings, because this 642 00:19:31,100 --> 00:19:34,670 means that you have to have 643 00:19:32,300 --> 00:19:36,110 cheap housing 644 00:19:34,670 --> 00:19:38,120 We know there is a housing crisis in 645 00:19:36,110 --> 00:19:39,290 Montreal, housing, 646 00:19:38,120 --> 00:19:40,880 low rent housings are obviously 647 00:19:39,290 --> 00:19:42,680 in neighborhood with an overrepresentation 648 00:19:40,880 --> 00:19:44,900 of racialized population and migrants 649 00:19:42,680 --> 00:19:47,480 populations. Low rent housings mean 650 00:19:44,900 --> 00:19:48,980 unsanitary housing, very small 651 00:19:47,480 --> 00:19:50,300 housing where it is extremely 652 00:19:48,980 --> 00:19:52,160 difficult to practise social 653 00:19:50,300 --> 00:19:53,540 distancing. When I saw 654 00:19:52,160 --> 00:19:57,680 interviews, for example, of 655 00:19:53,540 --> 00:19:58,910 doctors who were positive, who tested 656 00:19:57,680 --> 00:20:00,350 positive for COVID-19 and who 657 00:19:58,910 --> 00:20:02,960 automatically said: " well I went to the 658 00:20:00,350 --> 00:20:04,610 basement to be certain 659 00:20:02,960 --> 00:20:06,110 that my family would 660 00:20:04,610 --> 00:20:07,880 not be contaminated. I stayed in the basement 661 00:20:06,110 --> 00:20:10,370 for 2 weeks."This is a way to have a real 662 00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:11,390 social distancing if 663 00:20:10,370 --> 00:20:13,250 you have an apartment 664 00:20:11,390 --> 00:20:15,920 with a basement. But we know 665 00:20:13,250 --> 00:20:18,260 in unsanitary apartments, 666 00:20:15,920 --> 00:20:19,220 too small, there are sometimes 667 00:20:18,260 --> 00:20:21,500 2- 3 people in the same room. 668 00:20:19,220 --> 00:20:23,360 Meaning that for some of these women, they don’t 669 00:20:21,500 --> 00:20:24,830 have a room for themselves, if we think 670 00:20:23,360 --> 00:20:25,940 about the type of apartments, we 671 00:20:24,830 --> 00:20:27,950 can find in some neighborhoods 672 00:20:25,940 --> 00:20:30,350 including Montreal Nord, 673 00:20:27,950 --> 00:20:31,910 before gentrification of course. So 674 00:20:30,350 --> 00:20:33,920 no social distancing possible 675 00:20:31,910 --> 00:20:35,810 means high contamination rates 676 00:20:33,920 --> 00:20:37,190 for their families and therefore for 677 00:20:35,810 --> 00:20:38,450 the community this is a vicious cycle 678 00:20:37,190 --> 00:20:39,740 some neighborhoods 679 00:20:38,450 --> 00:20:42,130 are overrepresented for 680 00:20:39,740 --> 00:20:45,110 contamination and instead of looking 681 00:20:42,130 --> 00:20:47,180 at an structural analysis on how 682 00:20:45,110 --> 00:20:48,850 each country where there are a lot of 683 00:20:47,180 --> 00:20:51,080 COVID-19 cases, 684 00:20:48,850 --> 00:20:53,030 systematically the first clusters of 685 00:20:51,080 --> 00:20:55,130 contamination are in disadvantaged 686 00:20:53,030 --> 00:20:56,300 neighborhoods and systematically in these 687 00:20:55,130 --> 00:20:57,530 disadvantaged neighborhoods, what do we 688 00:20:56,300 --> 00:20:59,510 find: migrant populations, 689 00:20:57,530 --> 00:21:01,280 Black populations 690 00:20:59,510 --> 00:21:02,810 and Black women 691 00:21:01,280 --> 00:21:05,570 the fact that the common 692 00:21:02,810 --> 00:21:07,580 thread of this pandemic in 693 00:21:05,570 --> 00:21:10,690 different national contexts 694 00:21:07,580 --> 00:21:12,280 even in different, eh, 695 00:21:10,690 --> 00:21:14,830 in America but also in 696 00:21:12,280 --> 00:21:16,360 Europe, should show analyses 697 00:21:14,830 --> 00:21:18,160 and sadly what is shown, first, 698 00:21:16,360 --> 00:21:20,020 is the normalization and 699 00:21:18,160 --> 00:21:21,850 the invisibility of these structures. 700 00:21:20,020 --> 00:21:24,970 When we normalize and stop showing these 701 00:21:21,850 --> 00:21:27,400 structures, we delegitimized all 702 00:21:24,970 --> 00:21:28,900 critics. We apologize, we 703 00:21:27,400 --> 00:21:31,210 say that the structures are not that 704 00:21:28,900 --> 00:21:32,770 important and I 705 00:21:31,210 --> 00:21:34,180 wanted to make the link 706 00:21:32,770 --> 00:21:35,350 to show that it is not that 707 00:21:34,180 --> 00:21:36,760 anecdotical, that it is something 708 00:21:35,350 --> 00:21:38,860 that is seen every time we try to 709 00:21:36,760 --> 00:21:40,060 make an analysis we realise 710 00:21:38,860 --> 00:21:42,640 that, not matter if it is a natural 711 00:21:40,060 --> 00:21:43,540 disaster or a man-made 712 00:21:42,640 --> 00:21:45,370 disaster 713 00:21:43,540 --> 00:21:46,990 if you want to do the analysis 714 00:21:45,370 --> 00:21:48,520 holistically, 715 00:21:46,990 --> 00:21:50,200 complete, the racial angle needs to be 716 00:21:48,520 --> 00:21:51,820 taken into consideration. And it is always 717 00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:52,750 the racial angle that is eliminated and why do I 718 00:21:51,820 --> 00:21:55,150 say that? For example, 719 00:21:52,750 --> 00:21:57,790 sadly, there has been, 720 00:21:55,150 --> 00:22:00,880 a few weeks ago, there was an explosion in 721 00:21:57,790 --> 00:22:02,650 Beyrouth, Lebanon that resulted in millions of 722 00:22:00,880 --> 00:22:04,660 victims and that continues to make more 723 00:22:02,650 --> 00:22:06,280 victims and protests 724 00:22:04,660 --> 00:22:09,070 specially to denounce 725 00:22:06,280 --> 00:22:11,620 the governments responsibility in 726 00:22:09,070 --> 00:22:13,540 this disaster, and one of 727 00:22:11,620 --> 00:22:15,670 the aspects that interested me, as I said 728 00:22:13,540 --> 00:22:17,200 is my speciality on Black women, 729 00:22:15,670 --> 00:22:19,600 immediately I search for, 730 00:22:17,200 --> 00:22:20,650 when I analyze any subject, 731 00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:22,030 where are Black women? 732 00:22:20,650 --> 00:22:23,380 How are Black women treated? 733 00:22:22,030 --> 00:22:24,880 How are Black women represented? 734 00:22:23,380 --> 00:22:26,290 Automatically, what happened 735 00:22:24,880 --> 00:22:28,420 regarding the explosion is that 736 00:22:26,290 --> 00:22:30,580 there was like a racial, 737 00:22:28,420 --> 00:22:31,690 again, erasure of 738 00:22:30,580 --> 00:22:33,190 the victims and the people 739 00:22:31,690 --> 00:22:35,650 who will suffer long term. 740 00:22:33,190 --> 00:22:37,780 It is important to know, for example, that in Lebanon, there 741 00:22:35,650 --> 00:22:39,460 are still people who have 742 00:22:37,780 --> 00:22:41,380 maids. Having a live-in 743 00:22:39,460 --> 00:22:43,420 maid and 744 00:22:41,380 --> 00:22:45,940 maids are generally 745 00:22:43,420 --> 00:22:47,380 mostly Black women. And what 746 00:22:45,940 --> 00:22:49,360 really chocked me 747 00:22:47,380 --> 00:22:51,040 in this situation is that 748 00:22:49,360 --> 00:22:53,620 there was an erasure of the status 749 00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:55,840 of these maids in this 750 00:22:53,620 --> 00:22:57,040 explosion, amongst 751 00:22:55,840 --> 00:22:58,510 the victims and also in the long term 752 00:22:57,040 --> 00:22:59,050 victims, meaning that they will lose 753 00:22:58,510 --> 00:23:01,060 their jobs. 754 00:22:59,050 --> 00:23:02,080 And often, these are jobs where they 755 00:23:01,060 --> 00:23:03,910 are not declared and they are not 756 00:23:02,080 --> 00:23:05,710 protected by any job protection 757 00:23:03,910 --> 00:23:07,120 agency but it is also 758 00:23:05,710 --> 00:23:08,830 seen in all the videos and 759 00:23:07,120 --> 00:23:10,570 images taken of the 760 00:23:08,830 --> 00:23:12,040 explosion in Beyrouth, Lebanon. 761 00:23:10,570 --> 00:23:14,980 It is after a long time that 762 00:23:12,040 --> 00:23:16,060 after 763 00:23:14,980 --> 00:23:17,740 the first day after the explosion 764 00:23:16,060 --> 00:23:20,440 we could see Black people. They seemed to 765 00:23:17,740 --> 00:23:23,450 have disappeared from Beyrouth, Lebanon 766 00:23:20,440 --> 00:23:25,429 despite their important presence in the population. 767 00:23:23,450 --> 00:23:27,950 However in the viral videos 768 00:23:25,429 --> 00:23:30,139 we would see this video of 769 00:23:27,950 --> 00:23:33,080 a woman in the middle of a living room 770 00:23:30,139 --> 00:23:34,730 playing the piano. And this video was seen 771 00:23:33,080 --> 00:23:36,440 as an example of 772 00:23:34,730 --> 00:23:37,610 resilience and was often seen on 773 00:23:36,440 --> 00:23:40,490 social media. Of course, it 774 00:23:37,610 --> 00:23:41,480 finally appeared on my feed and I 775 00:23:40,490 --> 00:23:42,620 saw at which level this was celebrated, she was 776 00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:45,580 doing a "buzz" 777 00:23:42,620 --> 00:23:48,649 But this video was even more, 778 00:23:45,580 --> 00:23:50,029 not shocking but meaningful to look at because 779 00:23:48,649 --> 00:23:51,409 you see this woman, old, who plays 780 00:23:50,029 --> 00:23:52,909 the piano in a living room totally 781 00:23:51,409 --> 00:23:54,889 devastated and we understand that 782 00:23:52,909 --> 00:23:57,740 it (the room) was devastated by the explosion and someone is filming her 783 00:23:54,889 --> 00:23:59,840 putting forward her resilience to 784 00:23:57,740 --> 00:24:01,909 play the piano in 785 00:23:59,840 --> 00:24:03,799 such a disaster and you can see 786 00:24:01,909 --> 00:24:05,750 in the corner of this video, while 787 00:24:03,799 --> 00:24:08,029 this woman is playing the piano, you can see 788 00:24:05,750 --> 00:24:10,399 a Black maid cleaning 789 00:24:08,029 --> 00:24:11,960 therefore, tidying up the living room. Which 790 00:24:10,399 --> 00:24:14,000 is absolutely not commented by the person 791 00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:15,860 who is filming, which is also 792 00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:18,080 absolutely not commented by the people who 793 00:24:15,860 --> 00:24:19,850 are celebrating the presence of 794 00:24:18,080 --> 00:24:21,019 this woman playing the piano. And I, I 795 00:24:19,850 --> 00:24:22,760 see all this violence 796 00:24:21,019 --> 00:24:25,940 in regard to this maid, race and 797 00:24:22,760 --> 00:24:28,610 class, who came to her 798 00:24:25,940 --> 00:24:30,559 employer's to probably clean 799 00:24:28,610 --> 00:24:31,850 after the disaster of the explosion and she 800 00:24:30,559 --> 00:24:33,769 is wearing a mask because there is 801 00:24:31,850 --> 00:24:35,840 still a pandemic, right? 802 00:24:33,769 --> 00:24:37,700 So she is in the middle of this disaster, she 803 00:24:35,840 --> 00:24:40,159 has to come to work and it is her who 804 00:24:37,700 --> 00:24:41,809 is tidying up, cleaning but the resilience, 805 00:24:40,159 --> 00:24:44,090 it is not her who came to 806 00:24:41,809 --> 00:24:45,110 work despite the pandemic, 807 00:24:44,090 --> 00:24:47,750 with her mask, who is cleaning up 808 00:24:45,110 --> 00:24:50,409 after the explosion, it is her employer 809 00:24:47,750 --> 00:24:53,539 who is playing the piano. And I found that it was 810 00:24:50,409 --> 00:24:55,490 speaking for itself, again, this 811 00:24:53,539 --> 00:24:57,440 normalization of their presence (of Black women) 812 00:24:55,490 --> 00:24:59,960 in the background and finally 813 00:24:57,440 --> 00:25:02,090 of the invisibility in the victimhood 814 00:24:59,960 --> 00:25:04,909 regarding the pandemic. 815 00:25:02,090 --> 00:25:06,230 It is a subject that will systematically 816 00:25:04,909 --> 00:25:07,610 attract me. 817 00:25:06,230 --> 00:25:09,230 Therefore, it seems to me that it was 818 00:25:07,610 --> 00:25:11,360 a subject very important to tackle 819 00:25:09,230 --> 00:25:14,090 because when you want to 820 00:25:11,360 --> 00:25:15,919 make an holistic analysis, 821 00:25:14,090 --> 00:25:17,330 as I said, the racial angle is 822 00:25:15,919 --> 00:25:19,159 always put aside and 823 00:25:17,330 --> 00:25:21,440 it is what leads to the funnel of 824 00:25:19,159 --> 00:25:23,419 risks. And if you want to fight against 825 00:25:21,440 --> 00:25:24,919 this type of analysis, against normalization, 826 00:25:23,419 --> 00:25:26,809 it is necessary to go further. We need 827 00:25:24,919 --> 00:25:29,059 to go deeper and we need to go 828 00:25:26,809 --> 00:25:30,710 look for the people we do not see 829 00:25:29,059 --> 00:25:32,870 the people we are expecting 830 00:25:30,710 --> 00:25:36,029 to be victims and who are not 831 00:25:32,870 --> 00:25:37,139 going to provoke emotions or empathy 832 00:25:36,029 --> 00:25:39,739 because they are normalized 833 00:25:37,139 --> 00:25:39,739 victims. 834 00:25:45,889 --> 00:25:49,830 There are different actions that can 835 00:25:47,820 --> 00:25:52,940 be done, I am thinking at 2 levels. 836 00:25:49,830 --> 00:25:55,019 First, of course, there is the 837 00:25:52,940 --> 00:25:56,190 redistribution of the resources. There are 838 00:25:55,019 --> 00:25:57,899 places where you can donate, 839 00:25:56,190 --> 00:25:59,340 organizations we can help 840 00:25:57,899 --> 00:26:00,120 or get involved in, 841 00:25:59,340 --> 00:26:03,389 organization that are going to 842 00:26:00,120 --> 00:26:04,350 specifically help 843 00:26:03,389 --> 00:26:06,779 marginalized populations 844 00:26:04,350 --> 00:26:08,159 especially Black populations, 845 00:26:06,779 --> 00:26:10,409 migrant populations, Queer populations, 846 00:26:08,159 --> 00:26:12,480 Trans populations and I remind you that 847 00:26:10,409 --> 00:26:14,490 Queer and Trans populations can be Black and/or 848 00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:18,000 migrants. These are populations 849 00:26:14,490 --> 00:26:20,100 who often are less supported by 850 00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:22,019 programs and social policies and 851 00:26:20,100 --> 00:26:23,820 when you give money 852 00:26:22,019 --> 00:26:25,440 to these organization that 853 00:26:23,820 --> 00:26:27,419 create plans to help 854 00:26:25,440 --> 00:26:28,529 especially for these populations, of course 855 00:26:27,419 --> 00:26:30,509 if you have the means, 856 00:26:28,529 --> 00:26:32,490 Go help! 857 00:26:30,509 --> 00:26:35,399 This is the concrete action that 858 00:26:32,490 --> 00:26:36,419 you can immediately do. In the middle 859 00:26:35,399 --> 00:26:38,850 to long term, I think that is 860 00:26:36,419 --> 00:26:40,320 very important to do our 861 00:26:38,850 --> 00:26:41,490 research, especially when we are students 862 00:26:40,320 --> 00:26:43,559 in these institutions 863 00:26:41,490 --> 00:26:44,940 because I am reminded that 864 00:26:43,559 --> 00:26:45,690 we need to go through the door 865 00:26:44,940 --> 00:26:48,149 open-minded 866 00:26:45,690 --> 00:26:50,159 the academic institution has greatly 867 00:26:48,149 --> 00:26:51,570 contributed to the normalization and 868 00:26:50,159 --> 00:26:53,519 the invisibility of the 869 00:26:51,570 --> 00:26:55,559 Black communities, even if its 870 00:26:53,519 --> 00:26:57,210 Black students, right? Therefore we face 871 00:26:55,559 --> 00:26:58,830 this normalisation of the invisibility 872 00:26:57,210 --> 00:27:00,059 at the administrative level, 873 00:26:58,830 --> 00:27:01,409 at the professorial level, 874 00:27:00,059 --> 00:27:03,899 at the curriculum level, 875 00:27:01,409 --> 00:27:05,909 at the level of the writers 876 00:27:03,899 --> 00:27:07,110 who are cited etc, 877 00:27:05,909 --> 00:27:09,629 etc, etc, it is a normalization 878 00:27:07,110 --> 00:27:11,190 and an invisibility that is part of the 879 00:27:09,629 --> 00:27:12,450 DNA of institution. As 880 00:27:11,190 --> 00:27:14,549 students, if we 881 00:27:12,450 --> 00:27:16,169 go against this invisibility and 882 00:27:14,549 --> 00:27:17,490 this normalization of 883 00:27:16,169 --> 00:27:19,379 the individual it is 884 00:27:17,490 --> 00:27:20,639 to look for other ways. 885 00:27:19,379 --> 00:27:22,350 It is because there are 886 00:27:20,639 --> 00:27:24,120 feminists, there are black and racialized 887 00:27:22,350 --> 00:27:28,019 theorists who worked on these subjects 888 00:27:24,120 --> 00:27:29,700 and we can read then and shed 889 00:27:28,019 --> 00:27:31,200 light on them by citing them, 890 00:27:29,700 --> 00:27:33,870 consciously citing black women. 891 00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:34,740 Consciously citing people 892 00:27:33,870 --> 00:27:37,320 from indigenous communities 893 00:27:34,740 --> 00:27:39,419 consciously giving a voice and 894 00:27:37,320 --> 00:27:41,820 angles that are not 895 00:27:39,419 --> 00:27:43,679 considered as universally 896 00:27:41,820 --> 00:27:45,419 belonging to the institution but 897 00:27:43,679 --> 00:27:47,789 who still have knowledge 898 00:27:45,419 --> 00:27:49,590 that are marginalized 899 00:27:47,789 --> 00:27:51,480 by academia. So for example, 900 00:27:49,590 --> 00:27:53,519 the subject on Black women and the link 901 00:27:51,480 --> 00:27:55,649 with COVID and the stereotype of the 902 00:27:53,519 --> 00:27:57,350 nanny, there are some references that, for 903 00:27:55,649 --> 00:27:59,929 me, are the basis if you 904 00:27:57,350 --> 00:28:02,900 want to know more about the 905 00:27:59,929 --> 00:28:05,419 subject. For example, < 00:28:06,260 feminist thought>> from Patricia Hill Collins is 907 00:28:05,419 --> 00:28:07,760 the ultimate basis 908 00:28:06,260 --> 00:28:09,650 it's a classic which was translated in 909 00:28:07,760 --> 00:28:10,220 French lately so we can 910 00:28:09,650 --> 00:28:11,539 enjoy it! It allows to 911 00:28:10,220 --> 00:28:13,340 really have an analysis 912 00:28:11,539 --> 00:28:14,809 of all the stereotypes 913 00:28:13,340 --> 00:28:15,500 still existing in the media 914 00:28:14,809 --> 00:28:17,690 relating to Black women 915 00:28:15,500 --> 00:28:19,610 There is the wonderful work of 916 00:28:17,690 --> 00:28:22,520 Robyn Maynard, also, <> 917 00:28:19,610 --> 00:28:24,530 which was translated in French in 2018, 918 00:28:22,520 --> 00:28:26,030 <> which is 919 00:28:24,530 --> 00:28:28,940 extraordinary because it is one 920 00:28:26,030 --> 00:28:31,010 of the rare work in French done 921 00:28:28,940 --> 00:28:32,299 on Blacks in Canada. And this 922 00:28:31,010 --> 00:28:34,010 is again a very important subject to 923 00:28:32,299 --> 00:28:35,630 dig in because often when 924 00:28:34,010 --> 00:28:37,429 we try to talk about racism automatically 925 00:28:35,630 --> 00:28:38,960 it is the American national context that is taken into consideration 926 00:28:37,429 --> 00:28:41,059 as if in the Canadian national context, 927 00:28:38,960 --> 00:28:42,770 and especially in Quebec, racism 928 00:28:41,059 --> 00:28:44,240 does not exist. So there is this reference 929 00:28:42,770 --> 00:28:47,059 that allows to make an 930 00:28:44,240 --> 00:28:48,770 important historic connection on the 931 00:28:47,059 --> 00:28:50,600 state violence experience, for example 932 00:28:48,770 --> 00:28:52,460 in Canada and in Quebec, that exists 933 00:28:50,600 --> 00:28:54,770 in English and in French, on 934 00:28:52,460 --> 00:28:57,679 healthcare workers, it is possible to see 935 00:28:54,770 --> 00:28:59,690 that there is an evolution of 936 00:28:57,679 --> 00:29:02,000 domestic work and finally the 937 00:28:59,690 --> 00:29:04,150 maternalization of jobs, especially 938 00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:07,730 in the healthcare system. There is 939 00:29:04,150 --> 00:29:08,240 Rose-Myrlie Joseph who, I recommend 940 00:29:07,730 --> 00:29:09,530 all her 941 00:29:08,240 --> 00:29:10,909 articles, her YouTube videos 942 00:29:09,530 --> 00:29:12,530 but you have for example 943 00:29:10,909 --> 00:29:14,419 the invisibility of Haitian 944 00:29:12,530 --> 00:29:16,010 maids which is a good starting 945 00:29:14,419 --> 00:29:17,330 point. But then, read all her 946 00:29:16,010 --> 00:29:19,520 bibliographies! She is really 947 00:29:17,330 --> 00:29:21,140 interesting. And there is also, 948 00:29:19,520 --> 00:29:22,370 a reference that does not exist in French 949 00:29:21,140 --> 00:29:23,659 sadly, that is only in 950 00:29:22,370 --> 00:29:26,480 english but that will I hope end up 951 00:29:23,659 --> 00:29:29,960 to be translated, so you have two references. You 952 00:29:26,480 --> 00:29:31,669 have Evelyn Nakano Glenn who was 953 00:29:29,960 --> 00:29:32,809 translated, one of her articles which was translated is 954 00:29:31,669 --> 00:29:34,370 <> 955 00:29:32,809 --> 00:29:35,990 this is really interesting, 956 00:29:34,370 --> 00:29:37,880 it is an analysis of the 957 00:29:35,990 --> 00:29:38,270 evolution of this 958 00:29:37,880 --> 00:29:41,179 field. 959 00:29:38,270 --> 00:29:42,409 It was translated but not the rest 960 00:29:41,179 --> 00:29:43,820 of her bibliography but 961 00:29:42,409 --> 00:29:45,140 it is a good starting point. However, 962 00:29:43,820 --> 00:29:46,940 a writer who needed to be 963 00:29:45,140 --> 00:29:48,860 translated in French 964 00:29:46,940 --> 00:29:49,909 but who has not been yet and who I recommend 965 00:29:48,860 --> 00:29:51,909 for people who have access to 966 00:29:49,909 --> 00:29:55,280 English references is Dionne Brand. 967 00:29:51,909 --> 00:29:56,750 I may pronounce badly her last name but 968 00:29:55,280 --> 00:29:59,030 she wrote extensively about Black 969 00:29:56,750 --> 00:30:00,530 communities in Canada and especially 970 00:29:59,030 --> 00:30:01,850 wrote a book named, 971 00:30:00,530 --> 00:30:04,400 <> 972 00:30:01,850 --> 00:30:06,740 which contains the real 973 00:30:04,400 --> 00:30:09,260 testimonies of Black women who 974 00:30:06,740 --> 00:30:10,050 worked in Canada from the 20's 975 00:30:09,260 --> 00:30:11,430 to the 50's 976 00:30:10,050 --> 00:30:13,080 and that allows to shed 977 00:30:11,430 --> 00:30:14,640 light on the continuity of several 978 00:30:13,080 --> 00:30:17,040 discriminations that we continue to experience 979 00:30:14,640 --> 00:30:18,510 to this day. These are really 980 00:30:17,040 --> 00:30:20,160 references that, I think, are 981 00:30:18,510 --> 00:30:22,200 very good starting points if you want to deepen 982 00:30:20,160 --> 00:30:23,340 the subject and continue to 983 00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:25,290 learn about the challenges 984 00:30:23,340 --> 00:30:27,150 in order fight against this invisibility 985 00:30:25,290 --> 00:30:29,970 that could become your first reflex, 986 00:30:27,150 --> 00:30:32,250 that could become a habit 987 00:30:29,970 --> 00:30:33,810 to automatically look for 988 00:30:32,250 --> 00:30:35,490 the people who are never 989 00:30:33,810 --> 00:30:37,140 there when we pay attention to representations 990 00:30:35,490 --> 00:30:38,370 analyses, they are never there. 991 00:30:37,140 --> 00:30:39,630 So, automatically, it will become 992 00:30:38,370 --> 00:30:41,010 something like : "okay, where are they? 993 00:30:39,630 --> 00:30:42,900 How can we represent them? 994 00:30:41,010 --> 00:30:45,590 How can I make them 995 00:30:42,900 --> 00:30:47,370 heard? where were these voices? 996 00:30:45,590 --> 00:30:50,840 Why were these voices 997 00:30:47,370 --> 00:30:50,840 marginalized, etc, etc... 998 00:30:53,230 --> 00:30:56,430 [Musique]